den Hollander, Anneke I. and Mullins, Robert F. and Orozco, Luz D. and Voigt, Andrew P. and Chen, Hsu-Hsin and Strunz, Tobias and Grassmann, Felix and Haines, Jonathan L. and Kuiper, Jonas J. W. and Tumminia, Santa J. and Allikmets, Rando and Hageman, Gregory S. and Stambolian, Dwight and Klaver, Caroline C. W. and Boeke, Jef D. and Chen, Hao and Honigberg, Lee and Katti, Suresh and Frazer, Kelly A. and Weber, Bernhard H. F. and Gorin, Michael B. (2022) Systems genomics in age-related macular degeneration. EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH, 225: 109248. ISSN 0014-4835, 1096-0007
Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy)Abstract
Genomic studies in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have identified genetic variants that account for the majority of AMD risk. An important next step is to understand the functional consequences and downstream effects of the identified AMD-associated genetic variants. Instrumental for this next step are 'omics' technologies, which enable high-throughput characterization and quantification of biological molecules, and subsequent integration of genomics with these omics datasets, a field referred to as systems genomics.Single cell sequencing studies of the retina and choroid demonstrated that the majority of candidate AMD genes identified through genomic studies are expressed in non-neuronal cells, such as the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), glia, myeloid and choroidal cells, highlighting that many different retinal and choroidal cell types contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies in retinal tissue have identified putative causal genes by demonstrating a genetic overlap between gene regulation and AMD risk. Linking genetic data to complement measurements in the systemic circulation has aided in understanding the effect of AMD-associated genetic variants in the complement system, and supports that protein QTL (pQTL) studies in plasma or serum samples may aid in understanding the effect of genetic variants and pinpointing causal genes in AMD. A recent epigenomic study fine-mapped AMD causal variants by determing regulatory regions in RPE cells differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE). Another approach that is being employed to pinpoint causal AMD genes is to produce synthetic DNA assemblons representing risk and protective haplotypes, which are then delivered to cellular or animal model systems.Pinpointing causal genes and understanding disease mechanisms is crucial for the next step towards clinical translation. Clinical trials targeting proteins encoded by the AMD-associated genomic loci C3, CFB, CFI, CFH, and ARMS2/HTRA1 are currently ongoing, and a phase III clinical trial for C3 inhibition recently showed a modest reduction of lesion growth in geographic atrophy. The EYERISK consortium recently developed a genetic test for AMD that allows genotyping of common and rare variants in AMD-associated genes. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were applied to quantify AMD genetic risk, and may aid in predicting AMD progression.In conclusion, genomic studies represent a turning point in our exploration of AMD. The results of those studies now serve as a driving force for several clinical trials. Expanding to omics and systems genomics will further decipher function and causality from the associations that have been reported, and will enable the development of therapies that will lessen the burden of AMD.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | COMPLEMENT FACTOR-H; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIANTS; RARE GENETIC-VARIANTS; HIGH-RISK; WIDE ASSOCIATION; CFI GENE; ACTIVATION; CELLS; POLYMORPHISM; DRUSEN; Age-related macular degeneration; Omics; Systems genomics; Single cell sequencing; Expression quantitative trait locus; Complement system; iPSc-RPE; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Clinical trial |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology > 610 Medical sciences Medicine |
| Divisions: | Medicine > Lehrstuhl für Humangenetik |
| Depositing User: | Dr. Gernot Deinzer |
| Date Deposited: | 31 Jan 2024 13:40 |
| Last Modified: | 31 Jan 2024 13:40 |
| URI: | https://pred.uni-regensburg.de/id/eprint/58489 |
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